Corrosion protection for metals in cementitious material and method of applying and making the same

ABSTRACT

A method for preventing, inhibiting or reducing the corrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material. The method can comprise manufacturing lithium nitrate. The method can further comprise providing lithium nitrate for addition to a cementitious material at an effetive dosage rate. The dosage rate can be between about 0.01 gram moles per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 100 gram moles per cubic foot of cementitious material, or greater if desired or required. The reduced corrosion rate therefore increases the life expectancy of the structures formable from cementitious material. Some exemplary structures formable from the cementitious material include the following, but not limited thereto, pillars, bridge decks, bridges, road decks, roads, houses, buildings, pilings, railroads, warehouses, piers, parking structures, wharves, and/or any other structures desired and/or required, etc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/424,516, filed 7 Nov. 2002, entitled “Lithium Nitrate as aCorrosion Inhibitive Admixture for Concrete and Related Methods ofMaking and Using the Same,” the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to reduction of corrosion in rebar and/orother metals embedded in cementitious material, which among otherthings, can be important to minimize long-term infrastructure costs. Thecorrosion of reinforcing metals in cementitious material is estimated,for example, to affect more than 50 percent of the 575,000 bridges inthe United States.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise a method for preventing,inhibiting, and reducing the corrosion of metals embedded incementitious material, The reduced corrosion rate therefore increasesthe life expectancy of the structures formable from cementitiousmaterial. Some exemplary structures formable from the cementitiousmaterial include the following, but are not limited thereto, pillars,bridge decks, bridges, road decks, roads, houses, buildings, pilings,railroads, warehouses, piers, parking structures, wharves, or any otherstructures desired or required, etc. The method can comprisemanufacturing lithium nitrate. The method can further comprise providinglithium nitrate for addition to the cementitious material at aneffective dosage rate. The dosage rate can be between about 0.01 grammoles per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 100 gram molesper cubic foot of cementitious material. In other exemplary embodimentsthe effective dosage rate can be greater than 100 gram moles per cubicfoot of cementitious material as desired and/or required.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material. Thecementitious material manufacturable from a process comprising theactivities of: manufacturing lithium nitrate; and providing the lithiumnitrate for addition to the cementitious material at an effective dosagerate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in concrete or any other cementitiousmaterial. The concrete or cementitious material manufacturable from aprocess comprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; andmixing the lithium nitrate with the concrete or cementitious material atan effective dosage rate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in grout. The grout manufacturable froma process comprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; andmixing the lithium nitrate with the grout at an effective dosage rate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in mortar. The mortar manufacturablefrom a process comprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate;and mixing the lithium nitrate with the mortar at an effective dosagerate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material. Thecementitious material manufacturable from a process comprising theactivities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; and applying the lithiumnitrate to the surface of the cementitious material at an effectivedosage rate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material. Thecementitious material manufacturable from a previously heated Portlandcement composition. The Portland cement manufacturable from a processcomprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; and admixingthe lithium nitrate with the Portland cement composition at an effectivedosage rate.

An embodiment provides a method for preventing, inhibiting or reducingthe corrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material. Thecementitious material comprising a Portland cement composition. ThePortland cement composition creatable from a method comprising theactivities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; admixing the lithium nitratewith the Portland cement in an amount sufficient to inhibit thecorrosion of metals; and heating the material to form a Portland cementclinker.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising: a concrete orcementitious material comprising between about 0.01 gram moles (orlower) of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete to about 100 grammoles (or higher) of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete orcementitious material.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising: a grout comprisingbetween about 0.01 gram moles (or lower) of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of grout to about 100 gram moles (or higher) of lithium nitrate percubic foot of grout.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising: a mortar comprisingbetween about 0.01 gram moles (or lower) of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of mortar to about 100 gram moles (or higher) of lithium nitrateper cubic foot of mortar.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising: a cementitious materialcomprising an effective amount lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofcementitious material for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embedded incementitious material.

These and other objects, along with advantages and features of theinvention disclosed herein, will be made apparent from the description,drawings, and claims that follow.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention and its wide variety of potential embodiments willbe more readily understood through the following detailed description,with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a bar chart illustrating test results of an exemplaryembodiment;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use2000 of lithium salts;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use3000 of lithium salts; and

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use4000 of lithium salts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a bar chart illustrating test results of an exemplaryembodiment. The addition of lithium nitrate to concrete can be aneffective means of reducing, inhibiting, and preventing the corrosion ofmetallic reinforcement members encased in the concrete. The bar chartillustrates experimental results measuring the corrosion of metalsencased in concrete, wherein one of a plurality of different substancesis admixed with the concrete. In particular, the chart reveals thesurvivability of wires after 100 weeks of measuring resistance changefor all admixed concrete. The Line (arrows) represents the control.

As used herein, the term “metal” means any metal used to improve thestructural properties of a cementitious material. Metals can comprisesteel, rebar, cast iron, copper, brass, zinc, aluminum, and/or any alloythereof, etc. As used herein the term “cementitious material” means anyhardenable concrete, cement, mortar, pozzalanic cement, other suitablematerial, and/or grout, or any combination thereof, etc. that can behardenable from curing. The term “cementitious material” can refer to adry mix or material before water is added for reaction purposes, aslurried mix after water is added for reaction purposes, and/or ahardened mix after the slurried mix or material are allowed to cure, orany combination thereof The “cementitous material” can include anyplastic or fluid state. As used herein, the term “pozzalanic cement”means any cement comprising a “pozzalanic” substance. As used herein,the term “pozzalanic” substance means a substance that by itselfcomprises little or no cementing properties, but in the presence of limeand moisture can comprise cementing properties.

Substances mixed with concrete in the tests reported in FIG. 1 comprise:AMA—aminoethylethanolamine, ATP—2-aminothiophenol ororthoaminothiophenol, BGP—di-sodium-beta glycerophosphate, CN—calciumnitrite, DS—di-n-butyl sulfoxide, LN—lithium nitrate, NA—Sodiummetasilicate, and PA—Phosphonic acid (also known asaminotrimethylenephosphonic acid (AMP) and nitrilotrisphosphonic acid).

Lithium nitrate added at an effective amount of 0.815 gmole/cubic footof concrete can reduce, inhibit, and prevent corrosion rates of embeddedmetal significantly as compared to a control sample as illustrated onthe bar chart as a line arrow.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use2000 of lithium salts. At activity 2100 a lithium salt can bemanufactured. The lithium salt can comprise lithium nitrate, lithiumcarbonate, and/or lithium hydroxide, etc.

At activity 2200 the lithium salt can be dissolvable in water to form anaqueous solution. In certain exemplary embodiments, the aqueous solutioncan be undersaturated, saturated, or supersaturated with respect to thelithium salt.

At activity 2300 the lithium salt can be added to cementitious material.The lithium salt can be added to cementitious material as a drycomponent, as a component of an aqueous solution, and/or as aconstituent of another component such as, for example, Portland cement,etc. The lithium salt can be added at an effective concentration. Theeffective concentration can be between about 0.01 gram moles per cubicfoot of cementitious material and about 100 gram moles per cubic foot ofcementitious material. The effective concentration can be any amountwithin the range such as about: 0.014, 0.1, 0.94, 0.815, 1, 7.899,28.711, 33, 34.0, 59.822, 89, or 97.323 gram moles per cubic foot ofcementitious material, etc. In other exemplary embodiments the effectiveconcentration can be greater than 100 gram moles per cubic foot ofcementitious material as desired or required.

The lithium salt can be blended with other ingredients to form thecementitious material by any technique such as batch mixing and/orcontinuous mixing. Any mixing equipment can be used for mixing thelithium salt with the other ingredients forming the cementitious mixsuch as, for example, a ribbon blender, a rotary drum, a rotary kiln, ascrew conveyor, a belt conveyor, a truck with a rotating element, and/orany other desired or required mixing or blending apparatus, etc.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use3000 of lithium salts. At activity 3100 a lithium salt can be obtained.The lithium salt can be obtained, for example, from a manufacturer, adistributor, and/or a broker, etc.

At activity 3200 the lithium salt can be mixed with other ingredients toform a cementitious material. In certain operative embodiments, whenmixed with cementitious material the lithium salt can reduce, inhibit,and prevent rates of corrosion in metals embedded in the cementitiousmaterial. In other exemplary embodiments, the lithium salt can act tosuppress an alkali silica reaction in the cementitious material. As usedherein the term “alkali silica reaction” means a reaction of an alkaliin cementitious material with reactive silica comprised in aggregates inthe presence of water. The alkali silica reaction can causedeterioration in cementitious material due to the swelling of a gelformed consequent to the reaction. Suppressing the alkali silicareaction can increase the life of cementitious materials by reducing andinhibiting deterioration rates of the cementitious material itself.Reducing and inhibiting the corrosion rate of metals embedded incementitious material can increase the life expectancy of structures(including for example, but not limited thereto, pillars, bridge decks,bridges, road decks, roads, houses, buildings, pilings, railroads,warehouses, piers, parking structures, and/or wharves) formable fromcementitious material.

At activity 3300 the lithium salt can be applied to a cementitiousmaterial surface. The lithium salt can penetrate the cementitiousmaterial surface and be absorbed into the cementitious material. Lithiumabsorbed into the cementitious material can be adaptable to reduce,inhibit, and prevent the corrosion rate of metals comprised in thecementitious material as well as acting to suppress the alkali silicareaction.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method of use4000 of lithium salts. At activity 4100 a lithium salt can be obtained.

At activity 4200 the lithium salt can be mixed with a Portland cement.Portland cement can comprise a heated mixture of limestone and clay. Incertain exemplary embodiments, the Portland cement raw materials can beprepared to feed a kiln using dry ingredients. In other embodiments, thePortland cement raw materials can be prepared for the kiln by mixingingredients in a slurry. After passing through the kiln, a Portlandcement clinker can be formed. Portland cement clinker can be groundafter being formed in the kiln. In certain exemplary embodiments, thelithium salt can be mixed with the Portland cement raw materials priorto the Portland cement raw materials entering the kiln. In otherexemplary embodiments, the lithium salt can be added to the Portlandcement during grinding or other processing after the Portland cement rawmaterials have passed through the kiln to form the Portland cementclinker. In certain operative embodiments, lithium nitrate can be mixedwith Portland cement in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio oflithium to sodium equivalent in the resultant cement clinker of betweenabout 0.01:1 to about 0.1:1. In other exemplary embodiments, the lithiumnitrate can be mixed with Portland cement in an amount sufficient toprovide a molar ratio of lithium to sodium equivalent in the resultantcement clinker of between about 0.01:1 to about 10:1 or greater asdesired or required. Still yet, other resultant cement clinkers are inthe range of between about 0.1:1 to about 1:1; about 1:1 to about 5:1;and/or about 5:1 to about 10:1, etc.

At activity 4300 the Portland cement raw materials can be routed throughthe kiln to be indurated to form a clinker. The Portland cement rawmaterials can be heated in the kiln to a temperature in excess of 2,000degrees Fahrenheit or any temperature as desired. The kiln can use coal,natural gas, and/or fuel oil, or other desired fuel/energy, etc. assources of energy.

At activity 4400 Portland cement can be added with other ingredientssuch as sand, gravel, a coarse aggregate, or other suitable material,and/or water, or any combination thereof, etc. to form a cementitiousmaterial. The cementitious material can be cast around metal componentsor other components as desired. Metal components can be used to providereinforcement, pre-stressing and/or post-tensioning to improve thestructural characteristics of the cementitious material. As used hereinthe term “pre-stressing” the cementitious material means stretching highstrength metal cables or strands between two fixed abutments, thencasting the cementitious material on and/or in a form that can be placedbetween the abutments. The cementitious material can cure. The cablescan be cut free from the abutments after curing the cementitiousmaterial. Pre-stressed cementitious materials can recover, in certainembodiments, when loaded beyond a capacity rating.

As used herein, the term post-tensioning means a method forstrengthening concrete using metal strands or bars typically referred toas tendons. The tendons can be placed in the cementitious material. Oncethe cementitious material has reached a required strength, tension canbe applied to the tendons. The tendons can be anchorable in a positionafter tension is applied to the tendons. In certain embodiments metalsused in post-tensioning applications can be encasable in grout. Metalsencasable in grout can be better protected from deleterious elements ascompared to metals not encasable in grout.

The following publications, patents, patent applications are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entirety:

1. U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,465 B1 to Ashida et al.

2. U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,254 B1 to Baxter et al.

3. U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,990 B1 to Marazzani et al.

4. U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,101 B1 to Miksic et al.

5. U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,438 B1 to Lane et al.

6. U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,742 B1 to Bennett

7. U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,436 to Incorvia

8. U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,553 to Bennett

9. U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,408 to Stokes et al.

10. U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,876 to Stokes et al.

11. U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,075 to Gaidis et al.

12. U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,966 to Berke et al.

13. U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,388 to Berke et al.

14. U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,141 to Hoopes et al.

15. U.S. Pat. No. 5,039,556 to Cogliano et al.

16. U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,834 to Dodson et al.

17. U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,665 to Hovasse et al.

18. U.S. Pat. No. 2,744,831 to McCoy et al.

Still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled inthis art from reading the above-recited detailed description anddrawings of certain exemplary embodiments. It should be understood thatnumerous variations, modifications, and additional embodiments arepossible, and accordingly, all such variations, modifications, andembodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims. For example, regardless of the content of anyportion (e.g., title, section, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of thisapplication, unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is norequirement for any particular described or illustrated activity orelement, any particular sequence of such activities, or any particularinterrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can berepeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or anyelement can be duplicated. Further, any activity or element can beexcluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or theinterrelationship of elements can vary. Accordingly, the descriptionsand drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not asrestrictive.

1. A method for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embedded in acementitious material, said cementitious material manufacturable from aprocess comprising the activities of: manufacturing lithium nitrate; andproviding said lithium nitrate for addition to said cementitiousmaterial at an effective dosage rate.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 100 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitiousmaterial and about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofcementitious material.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said effectivedosage rate is between about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of cementitious material and about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrateper cubic foot of cementitious material.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 10gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.6. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective dosage rate is betweenabout 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitiousmaterial and about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofcementitious material.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said effectivedosage rate is about 0.815 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof cementitious material.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said lithiumnitrate is provided as a solid.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein saidlithium nitrate is provided in an aqueous solution.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said cementitious material is concrete.
 11. The methodof claim 1, wherein said cementitious material is grout.
 12. The methodof claim 1, wherein said cementitious material is mortar.
 13. The methodof claim 1, wherein said cementitious material is pozzalanic cement. 14.The method of claim 1, wherein said cementitious material is at leastone of cement, grout, mortar, and pozzalanic cement, or any combinationthereof.
 15. A method for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embedded inconcrete or any other cementitious material, said concrete orcementitious material manufacturable from a process comprising theactivities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; and mixing said lithiumnitrate with said concrete or cementitious material at an effectivedosage rate.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said effective dosagerate is between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof concrete or cementitious material and about 100 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitious material.
 17. Themethod of claim 15, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete orcementitious material and about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate percubic foot of concrete or cementitious material.
 18. The method of claim15, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.1 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitious materialand about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete orcementitious material.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein saideffective dosage rate is between about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrateper cubic foot of concrete or cementitious material and about 10 grammoles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitiousmaterial.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofconcrete or cementitious material and about 100 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitious material.
 21. Themethod of claim 15, wherein said effective dosage rate is about 0.815gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitiousmaterial.
 22. A method for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embeddedin grout, said grout manufacturable from a process comprising theactivities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; and mixing said lithiumnitrate with said grout at an effective dosage rate.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 grammoles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 80 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 24. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 82 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 25. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 26. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 0.1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 27. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 28. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 10 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 29. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 10 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 30. The method of claim 22,wherein said effective dosage rate is about 0.815 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 31. A method for inhibiting thecorrosion of metals embedded in mortar, said mortar manufacturable froma process comprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; andmixing said lithium nitrate with said mortar at an effective dosagerate.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rate isbetween about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 80 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 82 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 34. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 35. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 38. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis between about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar and about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 39. The method of claim 31, wherein said effective dosage rateis about 0.815 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of mortar.40. A method for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embedded incementitious material, said cementitious material manufacturable from aprocess comprising the activities of: obtaining lithium nitrate; andapplying said lithium nitrate to the surface of said cementitiousmaterial at an effective dosage rate.
 41. The method of claim 40,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 100gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.42. The method of claim 40, wherein said effective dosage rate isbetween about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofcementitious material and about 0.10 gram moles of lithium nitrate percubic foot of cementitious material.
 43. The method of claim 40, whereinsaid effective dosage rate is between about 0.1 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material and about 1 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.
 44. Themethod of claim 40, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious materialand about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofcementitious material.
 45. The method of claim 40, wherein saideffective dosage rate is between about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrateper cubic foot of cementitious material and about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.
 46. The methodof claim 40, wherein said effective dosage rate is about 0.815 grammoles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitious material.
 47. Amethod for inhibiting the corrosion of metals in embedded incementitious material, said cementitious material manufacturable from apreviously heated Portland cement composition, said Portland cementmanufacturable from a process comprising the activities of: obtaininglithium nitrate; and admixing said lithium nitrate with said Portlandcement composition at an effective dosage rate.
 48. The method of claim47, wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement and about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 49. The method of claim 47,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement and about 0.1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 50. The method of claim 47,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 0.1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement and about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 51. The method of claim 47,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement and about 10 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 52. The method of claim 47,wherein said effective dosage rate is between about 10 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement and about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 53. The method of claim 47,wherein said effective dosage rate is about 0.815 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of cement.
 54. A method for inhibiting thecorrosion of metals embedded in cementitious material, said cementitiousmaterial comprising a Portland cement composition, said Portland cementcomposition creatable from a method comprising the activities of:obtaining lithium nitrate; admixing said lithium nitrate with saidPortland cement in an amount sufficient to inhibit the corrosion ofmetals; and heating said material to form a Portland cement clinker. 55.The method of claim 54, wherein said sufficient amount provides a molarratio of lithium to sodium equivalent in the resultant cement clinker ofbetween about 0.01:1 to about 10:1.
 56. The method of claim 54, whereinsaid sufficient amount provides a molar ratio of lithium to sodiumequivalent in the resultant cement clinker of between about 0.01:1 toabout 0.1:1.
 57. The method of claim 54, wherein said sufficient amountprovides a molar ratio of lithium to sodium equivalent in the resultantcement clinker of between about 0.1:1 to about 1:1.
 58. The method ofclaim 54, wherein said sufficient amount provides a molar ratio oflithium to sodium equivalent in the resultant cement clinker of betweenabout 1:1 to about 5:1.
 59. The method of claim 54, wherein saidsufficient amount provides a molar ratio of lithium to sodium equivalentin the resultant cement clinker of between about 5:1 to about 10:1. 60.A composition comprising: a concrete or cementitious material comprisingbetween about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofconcrete to about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofconcrete or cementitious material.
 61. The composition of claim 60,wherein said concrete or cementitious material comprises between about0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete to about0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete orcementitious material.
 62. The composition of claim 60, wherein saidconcrete or cementitious material comprises between about 0.1 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete to about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete.
 63. The composition of claim60, wherein said concrete or cementitious material comprises betweenabout 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete toabout 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete orcementitious material.
 64. The composition of claim 60, wherein saidconcrete or cementitious material comprises between about 10 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete to about 100 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of concrete or cementitious material. 65.The method of claim 60, wherein said concrete or cementitious materialcomprises about 0.815 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofgrout or cementitious material.
 66. A composition comprising: a groutcomprising between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of grout to about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof grout.
 67. The composition of claim 66, wherein said grout comprisesbetween about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of groutand about 80 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout. 68.The composition of claim 66, wherein said grout comprises between about0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 82gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 69. The method ofclaim 66, wherein grout comprises between about 0.01 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 0.1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 70. The method of claim 66,wherein said grout between about 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate percubic foot of grout and about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of grout.
 71. The method of claim 66, wherein said grout comprisesbetween about 1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of groutand about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout. 72.The method of claim 66, wherein said grout comprises between about 10gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout and about 100 grammoles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 73. The method ofclaim 66, wherein said grout comprises about 0.815 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of grout.
 74. A composition comprising: a mortarcomprising between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of mortar to about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof mortar.
 75. The composition of claim 74, wherein said mortarcomprises between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of mortar and about 80 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof mortar.
 76. The composition of claim 74, wherein said mortarcomprises between about 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubicfoot of mortar and about 82 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic footof mortar.
 77. The method of claim 74, wherein mortar comprises betweenabout 0.01 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of mortar andabout 0.1 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot of mortar. 78.The method of claim 74, wherein said mortar between about 0.1 gram molesof lithium nitrate per cubic foot of mortar and about 1 gram moles oflithium nitrate per cubic foot of mortar.
 79. The method of claim 74,wherein said mortar comprises between about 1 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of mortar and about 10 gram moles of lithiumnitrate per cubic foot of mortar.
 80. The method of claim 74, whereinsaid mortar comprises between about 10 gram moles of lithium nitrate percubic foot of mortar and about 100 gram moles of lithium nitrate percubic foot of mortar.
 81. The method of claim 74, wherein said mortarcomprises about 0.815 gram moles of lithium nitrate per cubic foot ofmortar.
 82. A composition comprising: a cementitious material comprisingan effective amount lithium nitrate per cubic foot of cementitiousmaterial for inhibiting the corrosion of metals embedded in cementitiousmaterial.